Aldus Manutius inventor of fonts like Garamond

Another interesting detail about the book printer Aldus Manutius, is that he also developed a host of fonts that is today widely used. The font family is called Medievelatikva or Garald. The Font family includes Garamond and Palatino as you probably recognize.

Useless knowledge perhaps, but I think it's classy that the fonts were created 500 years ago and I wonder if they knew which impact their work would have on the future.

Aldus Manutius invented the semicolon

Some inventions have transformed the history of the world and have become widely publicized. Some inventions have also had great influence, but the inventor has remained relatively unknown.

 

One of these inventors is Aldus Manutius, who lived between 1450 and 1515. Only 44 years old he invented the semicolon character (;). One can imagine how the mood was in his Venetian printing works when they realized that they had created something new, something big, something historic (I am ironic).

What they did not count on was the fact that not one single, normally gifted person, would use the sign during its first 510 years, but the suddenly used thousands of times an hour around the globe;-)

 

Semicolon was originally meant to be used when you think that a point is a too strong separation sign and a comma causes two sentences in a row. It is used between sentences - typically main clauses - which are closely related to each other. A semicolon is usually followed by small letters and can also be used for enumerations in order to separate groups from each other

 

Decrease your own use of non environmental friendly plastics

On an  individual level, we can all help to reduce the amount of plastic that ends up on the wrong place. The Plastic Pollution Coalition challenges us to find out the "plastic footprint" we hand down every week.

It is easy to reduce this footprint. Say no to styrofoam, disposable plastic bags, packaging, - straws, razor blades, and take-away packagings. Carry home the groceries in a reusable bag. Buy large packages, and select products with minimal or recycled packaging. Reuse glass and stainless steel containers. Buy less plastic, and instead choose sustainable products that you maintain

What to do with all the plastics?

In total eight percent of the world's oil production are used in manufacturing plastics, and only five percent of the plastics are recycled. Most of it is buried as land filling, with the result that the plastics are, for decades, leaking toxic chemicals into the groundwater. Less than 0.2 percent of today's plastics are biodegradable and there are few facilities that compost "bioplastics" made from corn or other cereals.

Huge quantities are dumped into the sea. This and other effects are described in detail in the Royal Society's report "Plastics, environment and human health". However, there are rather simple solutions to come around parts of the problems. Australia, Ireland, Italy, Taiwan and South Africa are leading an international movement to prevent or ban plastic bags. Since 2002, Ireland imposed a 15-cents 'plastic tax', the use of plastic bags dropped by 90 percent and tax revenues have funded recycling programs. The leader of the UN Environment Programme has called for a global ban on thin plastic bags.

Environmental friendly plastics?

This year, approximately 300 million tons of plastic will be produced in the world. This is the equivalent weight of 800 Empire State Buildings! Since the millennium, almost as much plastics have been produced as during the second half of the 1900’s.

One third of all plastics are used in packaging which are opened, empted and thrown. Bags and bottles will soon be all over the place. Worldwide, more than one billion plastic bags are distributed to consumers every day. Most of them are burned, but many are just thrown away. Travelling the highways in Saudi Arabia for example, you will find both sides of the road covered with plastic items.

In the U.S., 3.5 billion kilograms of packaging are thrown in the garbage cans each year, at a cost of four billion dollars for dealers and customers. This equals the amount of petroleum needed to energize one million cars. Neither is good, because they emit CO2 to the atmosphere or, as plastic items, degrade very slowly. So why not ban plastic bags.

Did anybody say environmental friendly plastics?

Along the South Pacific shores, you do not walk around in nice sand and clam shells not even in seaweed, dead fish or oil lumps? No, you wander about among lots of plastic bottles, and other plastic material that have been washed up on the shore.
The oceans are flooded with plastic debris. 50 000 pieces of plastic pieces on every square mile of the ocean! The marine food chain consume partially degraded but almost indestructible plastics. Every year, approximately 100 000 whales, dolphins and other marine mammals as well as one million birds die from the plastic that they eat. This according to the United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP

Are trees world's lungs? In a way!

Very simplified, but rather spot on:

A tree takes up CO2 from the air, minerals and water from the ground. With the help of solar energy the tree converts this into sugar and oxygen as long as the sun shines during the day.

Then in the tree uses this sugar plus water, minerals and oxygen for the cellular respiration and the construction of new cells just like any living organism at any time.

Thus the tree is generating oxygen during sun shine and but consumes a portion of it for its own metabolism. Overall more oxygen is generated than consumed, so when the tree reaches maturity, it has contributed to releasing oxygen into the atmosphere.

If it just dies and falls to the ground, it will decay and in the spirit of nature’s cycles, the small insects and micro organisms that feed on the dead tree will consume the small excess of oxygen that the tree produced during its life.

So in a perfect natural eco system, there is no extra oxygen produced. The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is rather stableIt. But is very important that there are plants or other biomass that can convert the CO2 animals breathe out to the O2 so that the cycle works.